Native Americans in the Civil War: A Diverse Conflict
The American Civil War, fought between 1861 and 1865, saw the involvement of various groups within the United States, including Native Americans. While some maintained neutrality, others aligned themselves with either the Confederate or Union armies. This diversity in allegiance reflects the complex political and social landscapes of the time.
Understanding the Context
By 'Native Americans' we refer to American Aboriginal peoples, and the 'Civil War' to the American Civil War. There have been several civil wars in different parts of the world, and one could argue that there was a 'Second American Civil War' during the period of 1838-1858. In the first American Civil War (1775-1783), the majority of American Aboriginal peoples sided with the British. However, in the 1860s, some Native American tribes fought for both sides of the Union and the Confederacy.
Combatants on Both Sides
One of the last Confederate generals to submit to Federal authority was General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian. This highlights the military engagements involving Native Americans in the American Civil War. Watie's commitment to the Confederate cause culminated in significant battles and campaigns.
Another notable figure is Ely Parker, a Native American who fought for the Union. Ely Parker came from the Seneca tribe and was born as Hasanoanda. He changed his name after attending a Christian school and became proficient in the English language. At the young age of 15, Parker served as the official translator for his tribe. By age 18, he was involved in political efforts against land theft from the Tonawanda Reservation. His interactions with Ulysses S. Grant fostered a strong friendship that would later shape his involvement in the Civil War.
Joining the Union Army
Despite facing significant discrimination and opposition, Ely Parker joined the Union Army during the Civil War. In 1861, Parker met Ulysses S. Grant, and over the decades, they developed a strong bond. Grant appointed Parker as his military secretary, a role that provided Parker with valuable opportunities to serve both the Union and his Native American heritage.
During the Civil War, Parker participated in significant battles such as Vicksburg and Chattanooga. His vigilance was particularly noteworthy when he warned General Grant minutes before Grant would have been captured by Confederate forces. This incident underscores the bravery and strategic acumen of Ely Parker.
The most significant moment in Parker's military career came when he drafted the surrender documents at Appomattox. After the Confederate general Robert E. Lee signed the documents, he shook Parker's hand and said, "I'm glad to see one real American here." Parker's response, "We are all Americans," encapsulates the integration of Native Americans into the American identity despite historical tensions.
After the war, on April 9, 1865, Ely Parker became the Union's first Native American brigadier general. Later, in 1871, Grant appointed Parker as the first Native American Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Although Parker faced challenges such as fraudulent charges, he continued to serve in various capacities, including working as a clerk for the New York Police Department under Commissioner Teddy Roosevelt.
Conclusion
The involvement of Native Americans in the Civil War is a testament to their diverse roles and contributions to both the North and South. From neutrality to active combat, their participation reflects the complex historical tapestry of the 19th century. Figures like General Stand Watie and Ely Parker highlight the varied experiences and contributions of Native Americans during this pivotal period in American history.