The Removal of Polish Symbols from Ukrainian Graves: An Historical Analysis

Introduction

Historically, nations that emerge in the place of displaced or wiped-out ones often face the dismantling of symbols and memorials left by those preceding them. This phenomenon, often viewed through the lens of “vae victis” (may the victors be victorious) and “everything is allowed for the winners,” has been observed in various parts of the world, including Ukraine.

Historical Context of Cemeteries and Graves

In western Ukraine, particularly in regions where the concept of Kresy—historical territories annexed by different states—existed, there were instances of violent discrimination against Ukrainians. Before the Soviet occupation, these areas saw pacifications, or violent actions against the local population. This historical backdrop has left a complex legacy, especially in relations between Poles and Ukrainians.

Kharkiv, for instance, hosts a Polish military cemetery where young officers were murdered in the 1930s and 1940s by the NKVD. Additionally, there are commemorative plaques about the 'Charkow Polonia' period, marking the significant Polish diaspora in the early 20th century. Despite these historical markers, no one has faced adverse consequences, as the collective trauma of the Soviet famine, political violence, and other forms of victimization has united Ukrainians in shared pain.

Tensions and Historical Narratives

The remembrance and suppression of different cultural and historical markers reflect the delicate balance of historical narratives. Tensions between Ukrainians and Poles run deep and are informed by historical events such as the Polish Soviet war, where false flag operations were used to prevent an alliance with Poland.

The Intermarium, a proposed alliance of Eastern European countries meant to counterbalance the Soviet Union and later Russia, further complicates the historical discourse. Initially, Poland and France sought to build this alliance to isolate Russia. However, the idea was met with resistance, especially from Lithuania and some Ukrainian groups, who saw it as a threat to their independence. The failure of this grand scheme meant that most of the involved countries fell either to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany within two decades.

Modern Tensions and Their Roots

Today, many Ukrainians retain deep-seated feelings of animosity towards Poland, which is often embedded in the cultural psyche. This is not merely a post-war phenomenon but is rooted in historical engagements and conflicts with Poland.

It is important to recognize that these tensions are not confined to just two nationalities. Other groups, including Jews, Germans, and indigenous Eastern Ukrainians, also have shared histories of suffering and collective memory. The shared tribulations of the Ukrainian independence movements and the Soviet era have created a taboo around the removal of Polish symbols from graves and other historical markers.

Conclusion

The removal of Polish symbols from graves and cemeteries in Ukraine reflects a complex historical and cultural synergy. Historical cycles of violence, memory, and cultural obliteration continue to shape current attitudes, often leading to the preservation or removal of cultural memorials and symbols. Understanding this multifaceted history is crucial for fostering better relations and healing between different groups in modern Ukraine.