The Symbolism and Significance of Swastika in Hinduism and Jainism

The word 'Swastika' is derived from the Sanskrit words ‘Su’ and ‘asti’. 'Su' means 'good', and 'asti' means 'to be'. Hence, the Swastika symbolizes 'may good come to you'. This symbolism is central to its use in rituals, emphasizing the importance of auspiciousness and well-being.

Swastika in Ancient Civilizations

The earliest known depiction of the Swastika dates back to around 6000 BC in Mesopotamia, shown in a bowl with swimming fishes and flying birds. Another significant example is a Swastika seal from the Indus Valley civilization, highlighting that the symbol was prevalent in both non-Aryan and ancient Aryan cultures.

In the context of Jain temples, the Swastika is a revered symbol, especially during the morning rituals. Jains often draw a Swastika (known as Saathya) on a small wooden plank called Paatla with grains of rice. This practice is performed by the Derawasi clan and is part of the Asthaprakaari Pooja ritual. It is crucial not to confuse the term Saathya with the Hindi term 'Saathiya', which means 'soul-mate'.

Swastika in Jain Philosophy

In Jainism, the Swastika holds profound meaning. The central point of the Swastika symbolizes the atman (soul), while the four arms represent the different states of existence (Gatis) of the soul.

The Four Gatis (States of Existence)

1. Manushya Gati (Human State): This is the most precious state of existence, as humans can attain self-discipline and renunciation, and thereby, salvation. There are 14 lakh different species of human beings, and the total number of humans in the universe remains constant at 1029.

2. Deva Gati (Celestial State): These are celestial beings living in heaven, enjoying unlimited happiness and pleasure with a minimum lifespan of 10,000 years.

3. Naraka Gati (Infernal State): These beings live in hell and suffer immense pain for an equal minimum period of 10,000 years. They are perpetually tortured by the Naarki Devas (devils).

4. Tiryanch Gati (Animal or Plant State): This includes all animals, insects, plants, and microorganisms, each having different levels of sentience and consciousness.

The Three Dots (Symbolizing Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyaan, and Samyak Charitra)

The three dots in the Saathya arrangement represent the three jewels of Jainism: Samyak Darshan (right faith), Samyak Gyaan (right knowledge), and Samyak Chaaritra (right conduct). These are the tools to attain Moksha (salvation) and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

The Crescent Moon (Symbolizing Moksha)

The crescent moon in the Saathya symbolizes Siddha Sheela (salvation) or Moksha, which is the ultimate state where a soul cannot be reborn again. This is the goal for every Samyaktvi (devout) Jain.

The use of rice in making the Saathya is significant because it is a seedless grain. After being sown, rice cannot be grown again. Similarly, making the Saathya is a spiritual aspiration to prevent reincarnation and attain a life free from the cycle of birth and death.

Understanding the symbolism and significance of the Swastika in both Hinduism and Jainism is essential for appreciating the rich cultural and religious heritage of these ancient traditions.

Keywords: Swastika, Hinduism, Jainism