Ethnic Identity and Sovereignty: The Unification Demand Between Nepal and Bihar

Introduction

The suggestion of uniting Nepal and Bihar to form a new country named Behal has been a controversial topic, especially among those who identify as Madhesis. The idea presents a complex mix of historical, cultural, and political issues, with strong feelings on both sides. This article explores why the unification proposal is fraught with challenges, given the distinct identities and nationalities of Nepal and Bihar's residents.

The Historical Context and Cultural Ties

Bihar and Nepal share a border and have a notable cultural overlap, particularly within the Madhesi communities living in both regions. These groups share similar languages, ethnic backgrounds, and traditional practices. Many cross-border marriages further reinforce these cultural ties. However, it is crucial to recognize that shared cultural and historical backgrounds do not necessarily imply a unified political entity or shared national identity.

Ethnic Identity and Sovereignty

The unification proposal raises several critical questions about ethnic identity and sovereignty. Many Madhesis and Biharis argue strongly that they are not simply Biharis or immigrants; they are Nepalis by birth and identity, with deep historical roots in the region. This stance is grounded in the belief that they form an integral part of Nepal's diverse cultural and demographic composition.

Supporters of unification point out that Madhesis have lived in Nepal for centuries, well before the creation of the modern state of Bihar. They argue that their contributions to Nepal's social, economic, and cultural fabric are significant. However, NATO (Nepal's official language) speakers in regions like Sikkim and Darjeeling who have strong cultural ties with Nepalis also assert their identity as part of India. These examples illustrate the complexity of ethnic identity and the malleability of national boundaries.

Nepal's Sovereignty and National Identity

Nepal, as a sovereign and independent nation, is deeply proud of its historical and cultural heritage. The notion of joining with another country, especially one that is not a direct successor state, is considered unacceptable by the general populace. The idea of Behal challenges the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Nepal, which is a core national and personal belief for many Nepalis.

Nepal's constitution recognizes the diverse ethnic groups and languages within the country. The national identity is based on a shared history and culture, rather than a single majority group. The Madhesi people, while distinct, are integrated into the broader framework of Nepalese identity. This recognition of diversity is a fundamental aspect of Nepal's national unity.

Conclusion

The proposal to unite Nepal and Bihar into Behal showcases the complexity of identity politics in South Asia. While cultural and historical ties exist, they do not unify the two regions politically or sovereignly. Both Nepal and Bihar maintain their distinct national identities, with strong sentiments around sovereignty and autonomy. Understanding and respecting these identities is crucial for peaceful coexistence and mutual respect in the region.

References

To explore further, one can refer to the following sources:

“Bihar and Madhesi Identity: A Historical Perspective” by Dr. Anil Madhav Dave - exploring the historical and political roots of Madhesi identity. “Sovereignty and Ethnicity in South Asia” - a compilation of essays on various dimensions of identity and sovereignty. Nepal's National Anthem and Constitution - for insights into the national identity and legal framework of Nepal.